There are 600 additives besides ammonia contained in tobacco products (including cocoa, caramel color, menthol, and rum and its flavors). Currently, tobacco industries are developing alternative technologies and approaches to ammonia technology. However, this study did not use products with very low levels of ammonia in their tobacco fillers therefore, the influence of the amount of ammonia in tobacco filler on nicotine absorption is still unknown. As a result of this study, ammonia technology is regarded a legacy technology. A recent study analyzed the levels of nicotine in the blood of participants who smoked cigarettes containing different levels of ammonia in the tobacco filler, and no differences in nicotine levels were found. Thus, the role of added ammonia in increasing the delivery of free-base nicotine to the brain has been suggested as an ammonia technology. The increase in free-base nicotine increases the addictive potential of cigarettes. Unprotonated (“free-base”) nicotine is lipophilic and is absorbed more quickly into the bloodstream than its protonated form. The effects of ammonia present in tobacco filler on cigarette smoke, such as increasing its alkalinity, which in turn increases the amount of unprotonated nicotine in cigarette smoke, have been examined extensively. It increases nicotine dependence in cigarette smokers and has been included in the non-exhaustive priority list of 39 tobacco contents and emissions of cigarette by the World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Over 90% of the ammonia in sidestream smoke was in gaseous phase.Īmmonia is a chemical additive found in tobacco filler. There were significant differences between the ammonia levels of the 35 commercially marketed cigarette brands in Japan manufactured by four tobacco manufacturers. Our simple colorimetric could be used to analyze ammonia in tobacco fillers and sidestream smoke.
The ammonia levels were higher in sidestream smoke than in tobacco filler. The ammonia levels in the sidestream smoke of CABIN, Marlboro Black Menthol, American Spirit Light, and Seven Stars were 5.89 ± 0.28, 5.23 ± 0.12, 6.92 ± 0.56, and 4.14 ± 0.19 mg/cigarette, respectively. The mean ammonia level of JT cigarette brands was significantly higher (0.83 ± 0.28 mg/g) than that of Natural American Spirit cigarette brands (0.30 ± 0.08 mg/g) and lower than those in the other two cigarette brands (1.11 ± 0.19 mg/g for BAT and 1.24 ± 0.15 mg/g for Philip Morris) ( p < 0.001 by Bonferroni test). The ammonia levels in tobacco fillers extracted from 35 cigarette brands ranged from 0.25 to 1.58 mg/g. The ammonia levels in the reference cigarette (3R4F) measured by our method and ion chromatography were similar and comparable to previously reported levels. We also analyzed the ammonia levels in the sidestream smoke from cigarettes of the brands that were found to contain high or low tobacco filler ammonia levels. To compare this method to conventional ion chromatography, we analyzed the ammonia levels in tobacco fillers extracted from 35 Japanese commercially marketed cigarette brands manufactured by four tobacco companies (Japan Tobacco (JT) Inc., British American Tobacco (BAT), Philip Morris Japan, and Natural American Spirit). We developed a simple colorimetric method based on the salicylate-chlorine reaction and absorption spectrometry with two reagents (sodium nitroprusside and sodium dichloroisocyanurate). The development of a simple ammonia detection method will contribute to the establishment of tobacco product regulation under tobacco control policies and allow surveys to be conducted, even by laboratories with small research budgets. Ammonia has been included in the non-exhaustive priority list of 39 tobacco components and emissions of cigarette published by the World Health Organization (WHO) Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. The ammonia contained in tobacco fillers and mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke accelerates nicotine dependence in cigarette smokers.
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